Pidgins and Creoles

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Lingua Franca

UNESCO defined a lingua franca as ‘a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitated communication between them.’ A variety of the other terms can be found which describe much the same phenomenon. A lingua franca can be spoken in a variety of ways. Not only they spoken differently in different places, but individual speakers varied widely in their ability to use the language. English serves today as a lingua franca in many parts of the world: for some speakers it is a native language, for other a second language, and for still others as a foreign language.

The History of the Pidgins and Creoles

Among an array of the theories of the pidgin and creole languages of the world assumed, discussed, confirmed and dismissed by the international sociolinguist either this time or the other, the polygenesis and monogenesis theories pose ratification to be behind the sociolinguistics phenomenon of the world observed by almost all the sociolinguists as expressed by Ronald Wardhaugh (1986) in his book “An Introduction to Sociolinguistics” (72) that “Pidgins from very different parts of the world exhibit remarkable similarities in structures even when the standard languages they are associated with are quite different. Furthermore, pidgins and creoles based on the same standar language from one another may have a high degree of intelegibility, e.g., the various pidginized and creolized varieties of French found geographically as far apart as the Carribean, the Indian Ocean, and the South Pacific.”

The antonymous polygenesis and monogenesis theories of the origin of pidgins and creoles of the world are derived from the anthropological and linguistic concepts of polygenism and monogenism of races and language of the world. The advocates of polygenesis theories subscribe to the hypothesis of multiplicity of origins of the pidgins and creoles of the world, a generated reflection of the polygenetic hypothesis of the multiple origins of the language of the world. For instance, if we suppose for the time being that Bangla has somehow got the necessitated status of being the intermediry basic linguistics means of trade and commerce in a number of desperate regions of the world far from each other, the simplified pidginized forms of it could be distinct from each other firstly because of their distant existences and then because of their association with the varied indigeneous languages.

However, the inevitable critical inquiry comes regarding the base language (here, let us wishfully suppose that it is Bangla) to be the ultimate single origin of all the pidgins and creoles generated from Bangla in distant parts of the world.
The monogenesis theory of pidgin and creole postulates that pidgins and creoles of the world can be traces back to a single origins like monogenetic theory of world language. “In linguistics, monogenism refers to the theory that all languages derives from a single Proto-World language may have evolved independently on more than one occasion” (Wikipedia). Likewise, there must have been a proto-pidgin from which all the pidgin and creoles of the world are originated and distributed in different parts of the world. For example, Bangla could have been the supposed proto-pidgin for all the probable pidginized and creolized pairs of Bangla and other local languages of the distant parts of the world.

In fact, beside the parallelism of the Biblical assumption of the origin of the genesis of human races and the monogenesis theory of world language, the monogenesis theory of pidgins and creoles of the world earns its due natural position of the general acceptance (ensuring the disconfirmation of the polygenesis theory) of the sociolinguistist.

The Definition of Pidgins and Creoles

A pidgin or a language is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a common language. It is mostly employed in situations such as trade or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside (but where there is no common language between the groups). Pidgin is not the native language of any speech community, but it instead learned as a second language. It may be built from words, sounds, or body from multiple other languages and cultures. It does not have any rules as long as both parties are able to understand each other. A creole is often defined as a pidgin that has become first language of a new generation of speakers. As Aitchison (1994, p. 3177) ‘creoles arise when pidgins become mother tongue’. Therefore, a croele is “a pidgin which has become the mother tongue of a community,” and therefore has native speakers (source: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language).

A creole language, or just creole, is well defined and stable langue that originated from a non-trivial combination of two or more languages, typically with many distinctive features that are not inherited from their parent. All creole languages envolved from pidgins, usually those that have become the native language of a community. The most kinds of pidgin but now be a creole as like Melanesia pidgin (Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea. Another example from this is Bislama pidgins in Vanuatu), the terms jargon has also been used to refer to pidgins, and is found in the names of some pidgins such as Chinook Jargon. In this context, linguists today use jargon to denote a particularly rudimentary type of pidgin; it most often refers to the words particular to a given profession.

Pidgins and creoles are usually less morphologically complex but more syntactically rigid than other languages, usually have fewer morphosyntactic irregularities that other languages, and often consist of:
a. Uncomplicated clausal structure (e.g., no embedded clause, etc.)
b. Reduction or elimination of syllable codas
c. Reduction of consonant clusters or breaking them with epenthesis
d. Basic vowels, such as [a, e, i, o, u]
e. No tones, such as those found in West African, Asian and many North American Indigeneous language
d. Use of separate words to indicate tense, usually preceding the verb
e. Use of reduplication to represent plurals, superlatives, and other part of speech that represent the concept being increased
f. A lack of morphophonemic variation

The Process of Development from Pidgin to Creole

Keith Whinnom (in Hymes (1971)) suggests that pidgins need three languages to form, with one (the superstrate) being clearly dominant over the others. Linguists sometimes posit that pidgins can become creole languages when a generation of children learn a pidgins as their first language, a process that regularizes speaker-dependent variation in grammar. Creoles can then replace the existing mix of languages become the native language of a community. However, not all pidgins become creole languages; a pidgins may die out before this phase would occur (e.g. the Mediterranean Lingua Franca).
Creoles, meanwhile, developed in settlement colonies in which speakers of a European language, often indentured servants whose language would be far from standard in the first place, interacted extensively with non-European slaves, absorbing certain words and features from he slaves’ non-European native languages, resulting in a heavily basilectalized version of the original language. These servants and slaves would come to use the creoles as an everyday vernacular, rather than merely in situations in which contact with a speaker of the superstrate was necessary.

Creating a new ‘full’ language from a creole also has its own special problems. Bahasa Indonesia has to be standardized and taught to speakers of many different language. Afrikaans has already standardized. Both state have found that a strong unifying ‘national’ consciousness among potential speakers has been of immense value.

CONCLUSION

Pidgin language is the language of a mixture of two or more languages that form can not be categorized into one of the original language. Pidgins languages are temporary because there is no native speaker. Such as in market, trading centers and others whish are visited by native language. Pidgins have rudimentary grammars and restricted vocabulary, serving as.

Creole language is a pidgin language which is accepted as the original language that already has native speakers and it can be said is the mother tongue or first language to a group. Creoles language developed from pidgin language. First of all, a language is used as a first language in an area, then the youth, especially the merchants, activities interaction by trade. From various origins traders, when they interact with other countries that are much different language have either structural or functional, so they created a new language with quotes, and paraphrase their own languages understood by all traders concerns that they are able to interact well.

References
Aitchison, J. (1994). Pidgins and Creoles. In Asher ands Simpson (1994)
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell,
1986.
Whinnom, K. (1971). Linguistic Hybrization and the ‘Special Case’ of Pidgins
and Creoles. In Hymes (1971).
http://en.wikipedia.org. Online. October 7th 2017.

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