ARTICLE REVIEW 2: SEMANTICS

PEACE BE UPON YOU everyone in the world! How is your life today? I hope you are okay. As I mentioned in my previous post about review article, this is the second article that I have review. Okay, let’s check it out yah!!

Title: Semantics

Post by: Abdullah Cglyn in academia.edu

Pages: 14

Well, this article mentioned about semantics in general and some of the topics in semantics. First, from the definitions about semantics is the study of linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences. And some of the subfields, namely: Lexical Semantics, Phrasal or Sentential Semantics, and Pragmatics.

MEANING

1. Conceptual Meaning: Conceptual meaning covers those basic, essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word.

2. Associative Meaning is the type of meaning that people might connect with the use of words. The associative meaning of an expression has to do with individual mental understandings of the speaker. 

TRUTH- CONDITINAL SEMANTICS

1. The study of different types of truth embodied in individual sentences:

a) Tautologies (Analytic Sentences)

b) Contradictions

c) Synthetic Sentences

2. The study of different types of truth relations that hold between sentences.

a) Entailment

b) Contradictory Sentences

Kind of semantics

1. Ambiguity: Our semantic knowledge tells us when words, phrases or sentences have more than one meaning. For example the sentence “The fisherman went to the bank” is ambiguous; because the word "bank" has distinct lexical definitions, including "financial institution" and "edge of a river".

2. Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a comparison is made between two unlike things.

3. An idiom is an expression whose meaning does not conform to the principle of compositionality, that is, may be unrelated to the meaning of its parts.

4. Reference (Extension) is the relation between the linguistic expression and the entity it denotes in the real world. For example when you say Jack you refer to the person whose name is Jack.

5. Antecedent is a noun phrase with which a pronoun is co-referential.

6. Synonymy is used to mean sameness of meaning. Synonyms are words with the same or similar meanings. Antonyms are words with opposite or nearly opposite meanings. There are several kinds of antonyms.

7. When the meaning of a word is included in the meaning of another the relationship is described as hyponymy. Hyponyms are words whose meanings are specific instances of a more general word.

8. Prototype is the most characteristic instance of a category. While the words canary, cormorant, dove, duck, flamingo, parrot, pelican and robin are all equally co-hyponyms of the superordinate bird, they are not all considered to be equally good examples of the category “bird.”

9. A meronym means part of a whole. It denotes a constituent part of, or a member of something. Meronymy describes a part –whole relationship between words. For example; Car/wheel, hand/arm, house/kitchen, head/hair

10. In metonymy a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. Connection between the words can be based on a container–contents relation (bottle/water, can/juice), a whole–part relation (car/wheels, house/roof) or a representative–symbol relationship (king/crown, the President/the White House).

11. Corpus Linguistics is the study of language based on examples of "real life" language use stored in corpora -computerized databases created for linguistic research.

12. A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning. A homonym is one of a group of words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings

13. Polysemy can be defined as one form (written or spoken) having multiple meanings that are all related by extension. Examples are the word head, used to refer to the object on top of your body, froth on top of a glass of beer, person at the top of a company or department, and many other things.

STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS

This article so long and explain about so many theories about semantic, to me I am bored to read it. But it is good for you when you need many references. For the material, when I read it used language features easy to understand. I like with the structurally of this article. Writer was clearly make the topic and subtopic, so I can find what I looking for easier.

Kay, I think that’s all about my review with this article. See you on my next posting. Thank you! ^^

See you on my next review article posting ^^